Word Formation process

~Word forMation process:
Borrowing: proses pembentukan kata dengan adaptasi dari bahasa lain. contoh: ~ "definisi" dari "definition" ~ "televisi" dari "television"

Coinage: pembentukan kata yang baru tanpa memperhatikan proses pembentukan kata. contoh: ~ Rinso ~> untuk menyebut semua jenis dan merek deterjen. ~ Aqua ~> untuk menyebut semua jenis dan merek air mineral.

Compounding:  proses pembentukan kata dengan mengkombinasikan dua kata yang masing-masing memiliki arti menjadi satu arti. contoh: ~ Foot : kaki dan Ball : bola ~> tapi jika disatukan (football) memiliki arti yang baru yaitu sepak bola.

Blending: proses pembentukan kata  dengan mengkombinasikan dua atau lebih kata menjadi satu kata. contoh: ~ Branch ~> pengkombinasian dari dua kata, yaitu breakfast dan lunch. ~ Warteg ~> pengkombinasian dari dua kata, yaitu warung dan tegal. ~ Warnet ~> pengkombinasian dari dua kata, yaitu warung dan internet.

Clipping: proses pembentukan kata dengan cara satu kata penuh dipotong contoh: ~ kata Lab ~> dari Laboratorium ~ kata Prof ~> dari Professor ~ kata Demo ~> dari Demonstration

Back formation: proses pembentukan kata dengan cara mengurangi imbuhan dari kata awal (menentukan noun untuk membentuk verb), back formation ini mengubah kelas kata dan maknanya. contoh: biasanya dari kata benda (noun) menjadi kata kerja (verb) ~ Donation menjadi Donate ~ Option menjadi Opt ~ Editor menjadi Edit

Acronym Word Procession: proses pembentukan kata dengan disingkat. contoh: ~ CPU dari Central Processing Unit

Definition Eponym
An eponym is a word that is derived from the proper name of a real or mythical person or place. Adjectives: eponymic and eponymous.
Over time, the name of a well-known person (such as Machiavelli, Italian Renaissance author of The Prince) may come to stand for an attribute associated with that person (in Machiavelli's case, cunning and duplicity).
Eponym is defined as the person for whom a discovery or other thing is defined as named.
An example of an eponym is Walt Disney for whom Disneyland is named,

Toponyms
Definition
A toponym is a place name or a word coined in association with the name of a place. Adjectives: toponymic and toponymous.
The study of such place names is known as toponymics or toponymy--a branch of onomastics.
Types of toponym include agronym (the name of a field or pasture), dromonym (the name of a transportation route), drymonym (the name of a forest or grove), econym (the name of a village or town), limnonym (the name of a lake or pond), and necronym (the name of a cemetery or burial ground).
Toponymy is the study of place names (toponyms), their origins, meanings, use, and typology.

Etymology
The word "toponymy" is derived from the Greek words tópos (τόπος) ("place") and ónoma (ὄνομα) ("name"). Toponymy is itself a branch of onomastics, the study of names of all kinds.

Meaning and history
Toponym is the general name for any place or geographical entity.[1] Related, more specific types of toponym include hydronym for a body of water and oronym for a mountain or hill. A toponymist is one who studies toponymy.
General
  agate — after Achates, ancient Greek name for the river Dirillo on the Italian island of Sicily
  Alberta clipper — a weather phenomenon named after the Canadian province of Alberta, where it originates [1]
  Angora goat, Angora rabbit, Angora wool (obtained from the previous two), Angora cat — named after Angora, variant or former name of Ankara, their place of origin [2][3]
  Antimacassar — after Makassar, Indonesia, which was the source of hair oil
  Armageddon — after "mount of Megiddo", where the battle was to be fought according to myth [4]
  badminton — after Badminton in Gloucestershire, England
  balkanization — after the Balkans, region in southeastern Europe similarly divided into small nations in the twentieth century [5]
  bangalored — after Bangalore, India; used often in the US when jobs are lost because of outsourcing; first time use by the magazine The Economist; usage: "He is sulking today because he got bangalored."[6]
  Bedford cord, a heavy fabric with a ribbed weave similar to corduroy; named after either Bedford, England[3] or possibly New Bedford, Massachusetts[4]
  Bedlam — meaning pandemonium, after popular name/pronunciation of St Mary of Bethlehem, London's first psychiatric hospital [5][6]
  Bedlington Terrier, a breed of dog, after Bedlington, UK
  bezant — former gold coin, and current heraldic charge, after Byzantium (now Istanbul), where the coins were made
  bikini — two-piece bathing suit for women, after Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands, where atomic bombs were tested in 1946; supposedly analogous to the "explosive" effect on the male libido [7][8]
  the Blarney and Blarney Stone — Blarney Castle
  Boeotian, an ancient Greek term for a fool, after the Boeotian people
  bohemian — term referring to artists, writers, and other people who wished to live an unconventional, vagabond, or "gypsy" lifestyle; from Bohemia, where "gypsies" were erroneously thought to originate;[9][10] see also gypsy, below
  La Brabançonne, national anthem of Belgium — Brabant, province of Belgium
  Bronx cheer — a noise made by the mouth to signify derision; after The Bronx, a borough of New York City[11]
  brummagem — goods of shoddy quality; from a local pronunciation of Birmingham, city in the United Kingdom[12]
  bungalow — a low building or house, from a Gujarati word meaning "Bengalese", used elliptically to mean a house built in the style of Bengal[13]

Onomatopoeia
Definition of Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia refers to a word that phonetically mimics or resembles the sound of the thing it describes. For example, the words we use to describe the noises that animals make are all onomatopoetic, such as a dog’s “bark,” a cat’s “meow,” or a coo’s “moo.” Interestingly, the onomatopoetic words for animal sounds change quite a bit from one language to another, as the words must fit into the larger linguistic system. Therefore, while a pig says “oink” in English, it says “buu” in Japanese, “grunz” in German, “knor,” in Dutch, and so on.
The definition of onomatopoeia comes from a compound Greek word for “the sound/name I make.” In this way, an onomatopoetic word is the sound that the thing being described makes.

Common Examples of Onomatopoeia
As noted above, almost all animal noises are examples of onomatopoeia. There are hundreds of other onomatopoeia examples in the English language, however. Here are some categories of words, along with examples of each:

Machine noises—honk, beep, vroom, clang, zap, boing
Animal names—cuckoo, whip-poor-will, whooping crane, chickadee

Impact sounds—boom, crash, whack, thump, bang
Sounds of the voice—shush, giggle, growl, whine, murmur, blurt, whisper, hiss

Nature sounds—splash, drip, spray, whoosh, buzz, rustle
There is a tradition in comic books of using onomatopoeias during fight scenes. These words, such as “wham,” “pow,” and “biff,” often accompany an image of a character knocking out another one to add a sense of sound effects. The comic book writer and artist Roy Crane popularized this tradition, inventing words such as “ker-splash” and “lickety-wop” to further diversify the range of sounds imitable in comic books.
Hello, 280 students, here is a newspaper report on “Maple Leafs.” This is a clear example of, what in morphology we call, “headless compounds.” Here is the explanation:
The default plural morphemes in English are /s/, /z/ or /ɪz/.  /s/ for singular morphemes ending in a voiceless consonant–eg., “cats”. /z/ for singular morphemes ending in voiced consonants == eg., “dogs.” And /ɪz/ for singular morphemes ending in fricatives or affricates — eg., “buses,” “bushes,” or “batches” through epenthesis and dissimilation. Then we have the irregular nouns with their own internal vowel changes — foot/ feet, tooth/teeth etc.

When we make compound words, the meaning of the compound word is determined by the rightmost member of the compound, known as the “head” of the compound.  Thus “black board,” is a kind of “board,” and not a kind of “black.”  “High chair” is a kind of “chair.”  Compound words, where the meaning of the compound is determined by the “head” of the compound are called Headed Compounds. Headed Compounds follow the pluralization rule for /s/, /z/, and /ɪz/ or internal vowel change as above.

“Headless Compounds” are compound words that do not have a “head” that determines the meaning of the compound. In other words, the parts do not make the whole, with respect to the meaning of the words.  In other words, “still life” is not a kind of “life.” “Pick pocket” is not a kind of “pocket.” “Low life” is not a kind of “life.”  Thus Headless Compounds do not follow the pluralization rule for voiced and voiceless consonants. The entire compound word is treated as one morpheme, without internal morphemic distinction or structure, and the default plural morpheme /s/ is added to the “whole word.”

The Canadian hockey team Maple Leafs spells its name with the plural “leafs” instead of “leaves” because of this morphological phenomenon called headless compounds. The hockey team is not a kind of “leaf.”  When we talk about a Canadian forest full of “Maple leaves” we are talking about “leaves,” — so we can pluralize it according to the plural rules.
6.5 Headed and Headless Compounds
Headed compounds are compounds which have an internal centre (it is called endocentric), for examples like blackboard, greenstone, etc. But headless compounds are compounds which do not have an internal centre (it is called exocentric), for examples: faintheart  (is not a kind of heart but a kind of person who has a faint heart), pickpocket ( is not a kind of pocket).