Identify the sense of Preposition, the types of preposition, ways to use

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

In the United Kingdom, a preposition (the future of) the nickname of small words. Seen glimpses of prepositions is just short words are not important, but in fact has a very important function.

Preposition is always followed by a noun (noun) or pronoun (pronoun). A preposition is a word that suggests a liaison relationship between the noun that follows him and one of the basic elements of a sentence, that is subject, verb, object or complement. A noun or pronoun that follows the preposition is the object of a preposition. Pronouns used in this position is always an object pronoun, like me, you, him, her, it, us and them. Prepositions plus object called a preposition phrase (prepositional phrase).

Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation.

There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart (study tips).

B. Problem formulation

Based on the background of these problems then we formulate the contents of the paper are as follows:

- Identify the sense of Preposition

- Identify the types of preposition

- Identify ways to use

C. Purpose

Studying and understanding this paper materials namely about preposition then expected we can understand the sense, different types, and how to use it. As for any other purpose the preparation of this paper was to fulfill the course Structure.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Prepositions

Prepositions have been called the biggest little words in English. They are usually quite short and signification looking, but they have very important functions. Take a look at these sentence and notice how completely different the meaning of each sentence is

A letter was sent to peter(to its means to show place,people,etc in one direction )

A letter was sent for peter( for its means to show how to usage something )

A letter was sent by peter( by means to show who is the writer the letter)

A letter was sent from peter( from its means to show the letter come from )

Only the prepositions change, but that is enough to change the meaning entirely. Prepositions are always followed by nouns or pronouns. They are connective words that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentence element: subject( i,you,we,they) verb(cut,write,etc)object(someone,table,letter,etc) or complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the sentence. Prepositional phrase usually provide information asked for by the question words who, what, where, when, why, how, and how long

The noun or pronoun following the preposition is its object. A pronoun used in this preposition is always an object pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. The prepositions plus its object is called the prepositional phrase.

B. Type of Preposition

· Simple Prepositions

Prepositions join words together and show the relationship between the different parts of a sentence. These little words can cause you big problems because they do not necessarily translate well between English and Spanish. You cannot simply replace the Spanish preposition with an English equivalent.

Since prepositions are used differently in Spanish than they are in English, it is important to know when to use each Spanish preposition. They're called simple prepositions because they are only one word.

Some simple prepositions can be translated to a simple English equivalent. The most common ones are listed here:

However, the most commonly used simple prepositions are a, en, de, con, para, and por. After reading the explanation of these prepositions in the following sections, you will realize that there is nothing “simple” about them. It is impossible to ascertain a simple English translation for any of the following simple prepositions because you have to understand the situations in which you use each one.

The most commonly used simple preposition are : after, at, by, for, from, of, over, or in, through to, until, under, up, with, etc.

Example : I saw him on Friday

Suggested words:

In On	At	In the house
		On the desk
		At school
Above	Below	Above average
		Below 100
Over	Under	Over the fireplace
		Under the table
Around	Through	Around the building
		Through the door
Before	After	Before lunch
		After 10:00
To	From	(Go) to Colorado
		(Come) from Arizona
About	By	A story about dogs
		Written by me
With	Without	She wouldn't go with us.
		So we went without her.
Between	Among	Just between you and me
		There are no secrets among us (three).
Inside	Outside	Inside the room
		Outside the box
In front of	Behind	In front of the house
		Behind the tree
Next to	Near	Next to the bank
		Near the library
On top of	Underneath	On top of the file cabinet
		Underneath the refrigerator

· Double Preposition

Conceptually, the double preposition is very similar to the compound preposition: both consist of two-word phrases. However, the double preposition is formulated through the conjunction of two simple prepositions—whereas the compound preposition is formulated through the conjunction of a non-prepositional word and a simple preposition.

In practice, the compound preposition tends to signify spatial relation, whereas the double preposition tends to signify movement.

Improving English skills with double prepositions

The double preposition is a proposition that is made by combining two simple prepositions. For example, the phrase "out of" would be a double preposition, since both "out" and "of" are simple prepositions.

That is more or less all there is to it. You use the double preposition in the same way that you use simple prepositions; the only difference is that it is constructed in a somewhat more complex way.

Proper grammar and examples of the term

For your reference, here is an example of the double proposition being used correctly in a sentence.

"When the adolescent came out of the closet about his sexuality, he experienced significant changes in his social life."

In this sentence, the double preposition is "out of"; it indicates the relationship between the adolescent and the closet.

Now, here is an example of incorrect usage of the double preposition.

"The lava from the Yellowstone Super Volcano rose of beneath the deep underground layers of the earth."

The correct double preposition here would be not "of beneath" but rather "from beneath". "Of beneath" is not a properly formed English preposition.

Just in case you are still a little confused, here are a could basic guidelines for you about the

is not because of the basic nature of the double preposition per se, but rather simply because it is difficult to combine any two simple prepositions in a proper way that does not express such a relation.
Again, the double preposition is just formed through the combination of two simple prepositions. There are some quite common ones in English; you may just need some practice and experience in order to know which formulations are grammatically proper and which are not.

Double prepositions in action

The double preposition is different in its structure from the similarly termed compound preposition and shouldn't be confused with a complex preposition. This is because in the case of the latter, a preposition is combined with some other word; whereas in the case of the double preposition, a preposition is combined with another preposition.

In addition, the double preposition is also different from the complex preposition because whereas the latter has a word inbetween two prepositions, the former has no such intermediate word.

All of these are extremely similar concepts, and it is very understandable if you may mix them up at times. For your reference, here is a symbolic formulation of the three kinds of preposition mentioned above (where P = simple preposition and W = some other word).

Double preposition: P + P; compound preposition: W + P; complex preposition: P + W + P. All of these are used in exactly the same way and fulfill the same function within the context of any given sentence. The only difference is in the structure of the preposition itself.

Again, the double preposition generally tends to express movement. So, if you are confused about what kind of preposition is in front of you, this may be a good thing to keep in mind. Not all movement is necessarily indicated by a double preposition, but it is at least common for movement to be indicated in such a way.

Double prepositions are words, such as into, onto, within, etc., which are used as prepositions. They are two prepositions, but are joined to make a whole new one. These examples will make it easier for you.

Amid – The kids were lost amid the jungle.
Atop – The owl sat atop a banyan tree.
Inside – Inside the tough exterior, lies a gentle soul.
Into – As soon as she stepped into the room, there was pin-drop silence.
Onto – He always climbs onto the table.
Outside – Outside the house lies a beautiful garden.
Throughout – Throughout winter, she has been sick.
Upon – Once upon a time, there lived a king.
Up to – It is up to us to find a way out.
Within – She caters to customers within a radius of 5 miles.
Without – I never leave my house without an umbrella due to the uncertain weather.

Double prepositions are words having two prepositions (joined together to make a whole new one) such as into, onto, outside of, out of, within, from behind, because of, etc.

For example:

I solved two questions out of nine.
I won the race just because of your encouragement.
An owl sat atop of a tree near my house.
Inside the tough battle , lied a gentle soul.
As soon as I entered into the class room , there was pin drop silence.
Throughout the year I am free.
Once upon a time I was poor.
It is up to you to decide the case.
I cannot live without her.
The culprit was kept behind the bars.

· Compound Prepositions

List of Compound Prepositions

A compound preposition is a preposition witch is formed from noun, adjective or adverb and it is combined with preposition “be” (by) or “a” (on).Two or more words are frequently used as single prepositions.

Since these compound prepositions are very common in English, particularly written English, the advanced student of the language needs to devote some time to their study. Compound prepositions are extremely idiomatic and need to be learned in context. A long and patient study of their applications and connotations is required before the student can use them “like a native”, but he will find that even a beginner’s acquaintance with the subject, such as is offered in the following list, will be of immediate use to him.

English Compound Prepositions List with Examples

according to	(as stated by, on the authority of)According to John, no one enjoyed the party very much.According to the weatherman, we can expect more cold weather this week.
ahead of	(before, in front of)You should have told us ahead of time that you were coming.That car’s going too slowly. Why don’t you try to get ahead of him?
along with	(together with)We have to take Physical Education along with all the academic courses.
alongside of	(beside, parallel with)I parked my car alongside of a gray station wagon.
apart from	(separate from, considered in separation from)It’s a new house, and stands apart from all the other houses in the street because of its size and newness.Apart from his habit of talking too much, I have nothing in particular against him.
as against	(in contrast or competition with)As against all other members of his family, I prefer him.
as between	(choosing or judging between two)As between living in the country or in the city, I much prefer the latter.
as compared with (to)	(in comparison with)As compared with (to) the other students in the class, he’s no problem at all.
as for	(introduces a new but similar subject for consideration or comment)John will probably pass the examination without difficulty.As for Mary, I’m not so sure!
at the point of	(about to do something…followed by a noun or gerund)The sick man was at the point of death. (about to die)The ship was at the point of break in two.
at the time of	At the time of the First and the Second Crusades, Constantinople was the center of Western civilization.
because of	(on account of)Because of the bad weather, we stayed at home.
by force of	(by the power of)The country was finally subdued by force of arms
by means of			(through the agency of)He has reached this high position by means of his own abilities, without help.
by reason of			(because, on account of)By reason of his many years of experience in this field, he is the best man for the job.
by virtue of			(by the authority or prestige of)I was able, by virtue of my knowledge of its language and customs, to pass as a not native of the country.
by way of			(via)We entered Italy by way of Southern France.
due to			(on account of)I was unable to go to the party, due to a previous engagement.
except for			(with the exception of)Except for John, none of us had ever been there before.
for fear of			(because of fear of)For fear of saying the wrong thing, I chose to say nothing at all.
for lack of			(because of not having)For lack of something better to do, we went downtown.If I’ve failed, it isn’t for lack of trying
for the purpose of			(in order to… followed by gerund)You have all come to this school for the purpose of learning English.
for the sake of			(in the interest of, for the good of)He treated her badly, but she stayed with him for the sake of the children.
from above			(from a position above or over)Seen from above, the countryside looks like a checkerboard of brown and green squares.
from among			From among the thousands of students whom he had taught, two in particular stood out in his memory.
from behind			(from a position behind)The driver got out from behind the (steering) wheel and began to roll up his sleeves as though he intended to fight someone.
from beneath			He picked the coin up from beneath the table, where it had rolled.
from between			He emerged from between two parked cars and began to walk toward us.
from over			(from the direction of)That sound came from over that way, I think.
from under			The cat came out from under the bed, where it had been hiding.
in accordance with			(in agreement with)In accordance with your instructions, we are shipping this item to you by insured air parcel post.
in addition to			(added to)In addition to his regular job here, he works in a store downtown three nights a week.
in behalf of				(speaking or acting as a proxy or representative)In behalf of the mayor and the people of our beautiful city, I am glad to extent a warm greeting and welcome to al of you.
in between				(in the area or time between)He works overseas most of the time, but in between jobs he sometimes visits his family.
in care of				(in the custody of)When we go on our vacation, we leave the children in care of my wife’s sister.
in case of				(in the event of)In case of enemy attack, seek shelter at once and await instructions from your local civil defense officers on your radio.
in close connection with				(in cooperation with)Our units work in close connection with military personnel of other countries.
in common with				(sharing the same nature or behavior as)In common with most elderly people, he was inclined to be a little set in his ways.
in comparison to (with)				(compared with)In comparison to (with) his brother he is quite easy to get along with.
in compliance with				(yielding or submitting to)In compliance with your request of January 7, we are returning the following items of equipment for repair.
in connection with				(as an aspect or consequence of)I’ll have to make several trips to Washington in connection with my new assignment.
in consequence of				(as a result of)In consequence of the changed situation, we have had to alter our plans slightly.
in consideration of				(taking into account, considering)In consideration of his changed attitude toward his work, we suggest that he be given another chance.
in contrast to (with)				In contrast to (with) his earlier attitude, he is now very friendly and cooperative.
in default of				(through failure or lack of)In default of more accurate information, we were forced to rely on newspaper accounts of the affair.
in deference to				(submitting to: the attitudes, opinions, or wishes of)In deference to the sensitivities of some of his guests, he avoided any discussion of religion or politics.
in exchange for				(in return for)All I got in exchange for my hard earned money was a piece of junk.
in front of				(located before)My car is parked in front of the house.
in lieu of				(as a substitute for, in place of)In lieu of the money he owed us, we received only fine words and more promises to pay.
in opposition to				(opposing)This action was taken in opposition to the expressed will of the majority of our people.
in place of				(as a substitute for, replacing)I’m teaching today in place of Mr. Jones, who is sick.
in preference to				(being preferred to)Through personal influence, he was given the job in preference to several older and more experienced men.
in regard to				(concerning)In regard to that question you asked me the other day; I think I can answer you in affirmative.
in search of				(looking for)He’s gone to the library in search of some books on sky diving he just heard of.
in spite of				(disregarding the difficulty, resistance, hostility, etc, of)In spite of the weatherman’s predictions, I think it’s going to be a good day.He was able to complete his work in spite of illness.
in terms of				(from the aspect of)In terms of offensive or retaliatory airpower, the two nations are on a more or less equal footing.
in the course of				(during)In the curse of the ages (long periods of time), great alterations have taken place in the earth’s surface.
in the event of				(in case of)This policy pays double in the event of accidental death. (policy = insurance agreement)
in the face of				(because of)He is always calm in the face of danger.
independently of				(without dependence of)He made his decision independently f the other members of the group.
inside of				(within-refers to either place or time)I’ll never set foot inside of his house again.He was back inside of 10 minutes.
instead of				(in place of, substituting for)I wish I were going to a party instead of to the dentist.
on account of				(because of)The game has been postponed on account of rain.
on behalf of				(speaking or acting as a proxy or representative)I make this request on behalf of my government.
on the part of				(this phrase, which is difficult to translate, serves to attribute some attitude or behavior to its object)Eagerness to learn on the part of the students, combined with a clear knowledge of objectives and of the techniques best adapted to attaining them on the part of the teacher, constitutes the ideal classroom situation.
on the point of				(about to… followed by gerund)I was on the point of leaving when the phone rang.
on top of		a. (on the highest surface of)There’s always slow on top of those mountains.b. (furthermore, in addition)He ate a full lunch like the rest of us, but on top of that, he ate two or three candy bars, and drank two cokes.
out of		a. (from the interior of)As soon as she went out of the room, I got out of bed and began to dress.b. (no longer in or within as in the idioms out of sight, our of mind, out of reach, out of fashion, out of business, etc)The plane vanished out of sight over the horizon.Get out of my way!Out of sight, out of mind. (proverb)c. (no longer have or be supplied with)We ran out of gas coming from town.He was out of breath from running so fast.
outside of		a. (beyond the limits of an area)He lives in a small town outside of New York.b. (with the exception of)Outside of his immediate family and one or two old friends, he sees no one any more.
owing to		(because of)I can’t accept your invitation owing to a previous engagement.
previous to		(before a certain time)Previous to 1980, he had been employed as a clerk in a department store.
regardless of		(without regarding, irrespective of)All men, regardless of race, color, or creed, are entitled to equal rights and opportunities.
relating to		(having some relation with)He told us several stories relating to his experiences in East Asia during World War II.
relative to		(concerning)He made some interesting observations relative to life in the tropics.
round about(around about)		(at approximately.. usually said of time)I’ll be back round about 11:00
short of		(with the ultimate exception of)I’ve tried every technique of teaching I know, short of standing on my head; and they still don’t understand!
under cover of		a. (concealed by)They accepted from their guards under cover of darkness.b. (protected by)The attack was made under cover of a heavy barrage.
what with		(this idiomatic, sometimes humorous, untranslatable phrase introduces a list of various factors in a difficult, confusing, or exasperating situations)What with the children crying, the dog barking, and both the telephone and the doorbell ringing at the same time, I felt that I’d go out of my mind.
with (in) regard to		(with respect to, concerning)With respect to your request for a two-week delay in the due payment of annual interest on the above mentioned note, we regret that it is contrary to the policy of this organization to grant such requests.
with a view to		(for the purpose of, intending to)With a view to increasing the sale value of the property, he had the house painted and driveway resurfaced.
with reference to		(referring to)With reference to your letter of June 17, requesting information about unshipped items on your order No. 1113, we are glad to report that these items are now in stock and are being shipped to you.
with the intension of		(intending to)I went downtown with the intention of buying some shirts and ties

· Participial preposition

The most commonly used participial preposition are : during, not withstanding, past, expect, save, considering, touching, concerning, regarding, and owing to.

Ø Participial prepositions

A participial preposition is a participle (an -ed or -ing verb) that functions as a preposition. Some of the most common examples are assuming, barring, considering, during, given, notwithstanding, provided, regarding, and respected. Unlike other participles, participial prepositions don’t necessarily create dangling modifiers when they don’t correspond to a subject. So, to take a counterexample, consider the following sentence:

Sitting on the porch, it started to get cold.

Here the phrase sitting on the porch is a dangling modifier because its grammatical position indicates that it corresponds to the subject of the sentence, it. It is obviously not sitting on the porch.Participial prepositions are a subset of participles that, due to widespread, long-time usage habits, have become acceptable as prepositions. Here are a few examples of conventional participial prepositions used well:

Considering that the whole idea behind poetry is to convey meaning through sound, “Jabberwocky” is actually a brilliant work of art. [Shmoop]

Given that the profit margin is high on derivatives trading, Bernstein’s estimates seem to be somewhat on the mark. [NY Times Dealbook]

Assuming the talks start, they may still go nowhere. [Financial Times]

The opening phrases in these sentences look like dangling participles and may seem illogical to a strict grammarian (“Jabberwocky” is not considering, Bernstein’s estimates are not given, they are not assuming), but few English speakers would have trouble with them.

Ø The Prepositional Phrase

Recognize a prepositional phrase when you see one.

At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.

The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it. These are the patterns for a prepositional phrase:

preposition + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

preposition + modifier(s) + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

Here are some examples of the most basic prepositional phrase:

o At home

At = preposition; home = noun.

o In time

In = preposition; time = noun.

o From Richie

From = preposition; Richie = noun.

o With me

With = preposition; me = pronoun.

o By singing

By = preposition; singing = gerund.

o About what we need

About = preposition; what we need = noun clause.

Most prepositional phrases are longer, like these:

o From my grandmother

From = preposition; my = modifier; grandmother = noun.

o Under the warm blanket

Under = preposition; the, warm = modifiers; blanket = noun.

o In the weedy, overgrown garden

In = preposition; the, weedy, overgrown = modifiers; garden = noun.

o Along the busy, six-lane highway

Along = preposition; the, busy, six-lane = modifiers; highway = noun.

o Without excessively worrying

Without = preposition; excessively = modifier; worrying = gerund.

· Phrase preposition

The most commonly used preposition phrase / phrase preposition are : Because of, by means of, by reasons, in spite of. A prepositional phrase is a phrase that starts with a preposition and ends with noun (or a pronoun). For example:

It is a little bit more complicated than shown above because the noun can be anything that plays the role of a noun. For example:

from her

(the "noun" is a pronoun)

from sleeping

(the noun is a gerund, i.e., a verbal noun)

from the man across the street

(the noun is a noun phrase)

from what he said

(the noun is a noun clause)

The words after the preposition (shown in bold above) are known as the object of a preposition. There will often be modifiers in the object of the preposition making it a noun phrase. For example:

with John

(There are no modifiers in this example. Compare it to the next example.)

with the wonderful John

(With the modifiers the and wonderful, the object of the preposition is now a noun phrase.)

Here is another example:

without trying

(There are no modifiers in this example. The object of the preposition is a noun. In this case, it's a gerund. Compare it to the next example.)

without overly trying

(With the modifier overly, the object of the preposition is a noun phrase.)

Prepositional Phrases Function As Adjectives or Adverbs

Here are some more examples of prepositional phrases. In each example, the prepositional phrase is shaded with the preposition in bold. Be aware that prepositional phrases function as adjectives or adverbs.

Prepositional phrases functioning as adjectives:

Please read the message from Lee.

(The prepositional phrase describes the noun message.)

The man on the radio has a boring voice.

(The prepositional phrase describes the noun man.)

May I see one of the brown ones?

(The prepositional phrase describes the pronoun one.)

Prepositional phrases functioning as adverbs:

Lee caught a small mackerel with utmost pride.

(The prepositional phrase modifies the verb caught. It is an adverb of manner; i.e., it tells us how he caught it.)

Before the war, Lee played football for Barnstoneworth United.

(The prepositional phrase modifies the verb played. It is an adverb of time; i.e., it tells us when he played.)

Lee is tired from the hike.

(The prepositional phrase modifies the verb is. It is an adverb of reason; i.e., it tells us why he is tired.)

Lee lives in that fridge.

(The prepositional phrase modifies the verb lives. It is an adverb of place; i.e., it tells us where he lives.)

· Disquised preposition.

A disguised preposition is shown in such words below :

Behind → “be” : by hind = behind

Across → “on” : “a” on cross = a cross

Disguised Preposition
1. Disguised preposition (preposition Hidden)
This preposition has shown how
"By" can be changed into the form of "be". Example: by + Hind = behind
"A" into the "on": on + cross = Across
1. Differences in specific usage of prepositions is often confusing:
1) At, In (place )
I passed my holidays at batu
He lives in London
2) At, In, On (Time )
I usually get up at five o’clock
He takes a walk in the afternoon
The ship will arrive on Monday
3) At, for ( price )
I cannot buy the goods such a high price
He Bought a book for ten dollars.
4) Beside, besides
He came and sat beside me
We study German besides English
5) Between, among
I sat between the two of them
Devide the aplle among you three
6) By, With
This book was written by me
This letterwas written with a fountain pen
7) By, Before, Since
You must be back at one o’clock
She didn’t get back before 5 o’clock
She has been there since five o’clock
8)In, After
She will finish it in 3 hours He died after a few days.
9) In, into
She spent all the morning in her room
She came into room and sat down
10) To, At
We go to zoo every holiday
Somebody kis stsnding at the door
11) To, Till
We walked to the tenis court and back
I shall stay here till next week

C. Use of the prepositional phrase in the sentence

Many prepositional phrase seem adverbial in meaning, in that they often indicate time, place, manner, or degree, as adverbs do. However, the same prepositonal phrase may be used as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.

- The delegates went for a swim before breakfast. (Adverb)

- A swim before breakfast is better than one after dinner. (Adjective)

- Before breakfast is a good time to swim. (Noun)

Prepositional phrases used as adverbs usually follow the verb, though like adverbs, they can be moved to other prepositions in the sentence. Prepositional phrases used as adjectives usually follow the nouns they modify. Prepositional phrases used as nouns will be subject, object, or complement in the sentence.

D. Meaning categories

The following list illustrate the use of prepositional phrases to convey specific kinds of information.

1. Place,position

Example :

- Across her house is across the street

- After the first street after the bridge is state street

- Against his by cycle was leaning against the fence

- Among the letter might be among those papers

- Around the shop is just around the corner

- At he used to be a student at a north American university

- Before I have your letter before me now

- Behind the garage is behind the house

- Below they live in apartment below ours

- Between his shop is between the bank and the post office

- That house by the lake is my dream house

- In she was dozing in an armchair when we got there

- In front of the ball stopped in front of the bus

- Inside come in. It is warmer inside the house

- Near you shouldn't smoke near gasoline

- On he found the book on the table

- On top of I want whipped cream on the top of my strawberries

- Opposite the school is opposite the church

- Outside there's bird's nest outside my window

- Over the window is over the radiator

- To attach the rope to the bumper of the car

- Under the book was under the desk

- Underneath the book is underneath the papers

2. Direction

Example :

- Across I am going across the street to see my cousin

- At the children threw stone at the bear

- By way of can't we drive to new york by way of Philadelphia?

- Down we saw her walking down fifth avenue

- Into I saw her going into the theater a few minutes ago

- Out of he took some money out of his pocket

- To she went to the grocery store

- Through the bird flew through the open window

- Toward this road leads toward the sea

- Up the salmon were swimming up the river

- Upon the birds was perched upon his shoulder

3. Time

Example :

- About I think she will be away about a week

- After would you please call after eight

- Around I get to my office around nine every morning

- At I told her to meet us at six o'clock sharp

- Before take the medicine before the mealtime

- By she should be back by seven at the latest

- During during the winter, I think I'll go to Florida

- From...to the office will be open from nine to one every day

- From...until she works from eight until two six days a week

- In I'll meet you in an hour

4. Purpose, reason

Example :

- For take this medicine for your headache

5. Possession

Example :

- Of the leader of the scout has not arrived yet

6. Manner, instrument

Example :

- By I enjoy going there by train

- In you can't go to that restaurant in jeans

- Like that clown walk like a duck

- With she writes with a pen

7. Identification

Example :

- At the shop at the corner sells stamps

- By that book by Hemingway is a masterpiece

- In the man in the dark suit is my neighbor

- On the apartment on the second floor is smaller than ours

- With people with law degrees often go into politics

8. Distance

Example :

- For we walked for miles and miles

9. Agent

Example :

- By this film was directed by a Czech director

10. Material

Example :

- With I must fill my pen with ink

11. Quantity

Example :

- By meat is sold by the pound or by kilo

E. Prepositions with multiple meanings

Some prepositions are used to express a variety of meanings. These may be present difficulties. Some of the common prepositions with their various meaning and their most common used are summarized as follows for references purposes.

1. Around

"At approximately"

- The police believe the man died around six o'clock

- The temperature has been around 32 celcius degrees all day

"In the vincinity of"

- People have reported seeing a stranger around the store"

2. At

With a street address if the house number given

- She lives at 18 Magnolia Street

- With points in time

- He arrived at 08.00

- Those farmers stop working at sunset

With prices

- They are on sale at two dollars a dozen

- I cannot afford to buy them at that price

3. By

"Alone" (with a reflexive pronoun)

- He lives by himself

- She did the homework by herself

"Past" (with verbs of motion)

- I always walk by that house on my way to work

- Several ways buses go by our house

"At the latest" (with a maximum time limit)

- He will be here by five o'clock

- All classes will be over by June.

4. For

To indicate the duration of time

- She played the piano for two years

- They lived in Washington for two years

"In exchange for"

- He rented the house for very little money

- I bought this book for two dollars

With the beneficiary of an action

- Shall I open the window for you?

- He baked a cake for me

"Instead of," "in place of"

- When he was away, his neighbor did the work for him

- With the subject of an infinitive

- It is important for them to arrive early

- For him to go to a party is unusual

5. In

With cities, states, countries, continents

- He lives in Cairo

- That river is in California

- Rice is grown in Thailand

With periods of time

- I saw him in January

- The mail comes in the morning

With lengths of time

- He will come in an hour

- He finished that book in one evening

With languages

- That opera was originally written in Italian

6. On

To indicate contact with a surface

- The book is on the table

- The picture is on the wall

- There is a light on the ceiling

With days of the week and dates

- Summer begins on June 21

- We do not have classes on Sundays

With the name of a street

- I live on McKinley street

- She is visiting a friend on Magnolia Street

7. With

To indicate association

- She is with a consulting firm

- I will stay with the car while you go for help

8. Without

To indicate the absence of something

- Nothing can live without water

- I am without money today and cannot buy the tickets

F. Prepositions that are often confused

In, on, and at discussed previously, are probably the most often confused nglish prepositions. Following are some others.

1. Above, over

Above refers to a place higher than a certain point. Over refers to a place directly above a certain point.

- The temperature is well above freezing

- He held an umbrella over his head

Over also means "more than" and "in the course of" a period af time

- He is over eighty years old

- Over the years, he has proven to be a true friend

2. Below,under

Below refers to a place lower than the a certain point. Under refers to a place directly below a certain point

- That valley is below sea level

- His shoes are under the bed

Under also means "less than" and "under the supervision of"

- The children in this class are under six years of age

- She works under the managing editor

3. Beneath, underneath

Beneath and underneath mean almost the same thing in many uses. Generally, both indicate a position lower than a given point. When the meaning diverge, underneath conveys more specifically the meaning of one object being covered up by another, and beneath may be used in a figurative sense. It may be useful to associate underneath with under and beneath with below.

- Two hundred feet beneath (below) the surface of the earth, solid rock was found

- The official does not consider it beneath him to type his own letters

- The shoes were found underneath a pile of clothes in the closet

4. To, toward

To is used with verbs of motion and definite destinations. Toward means "in the general direction of".

- We walked to the station.

- All mosque face toward Mecca.

5. Beside,besides

Beside means "next to". Besides means "in addition to".

- He is sitting beside his brother.

- Two others won prizes besides us.

6. In,into

In is used with locations or conditions. Into is used with verbs that show motion (real or metaphorical) from one place or sate to another.

- The child is in the pool. The child jumped into the pool.

- The patient is in coma. The patient slipped into a coma.

7. Past, beyond

Past is used with verbs of motion to indicate approaching, then passing by certain point. Beyond refers to a location further away than some specified concrete or abstract point.

- The car went past the monument at 10.00.

- He lives beyond the post office.

- His generosity is beyond belief.

8. Between, among

Between refers to position in relation to two person or things. Among refers to position in relation to three or more persons or things.

- I want put the table between those two windows.

- I found you letter among my school papers.

9. Through, throughout

Through refers to motion first into then out of something. Throughout used with something that is distributed in every part of something.

- Let's walk through the park.

- The news spread throughout the country.

G. More preposition

Now, we will dealt with some of the most troublesome prepositions in English. The ones in this lesson are, on the whole, more straightforward in meaning and perhaps less susceptible to varying usage, in spite of their sometimes more complex structure. Here is a list for reference.

1. According to

According to is used to cite an authority or source of information.

- According to the latest census, Houston, has more than a million inhabitants.

- According to the critics, the play is excellent.

2. Against

Against means "in opposite to"

- Salmon swim upstream, against the current.

- National fight wars against other nations that threaten them.

3. As far as

As far as is used to indicate a limit reached in the course of an activity.

- We walked as far as the park before we got tired.

- He threw the ball as far as the fence.

4. Before,after

Before means "earlier than the time of" after means "later than the time of".

- He studied before an examination.

- He relaxes after work every day.

5. Despite, in spite of

Despite, like in spite of, has the meaning of "without regard to". It is often used in the expression despite the fact that.

- They are playing football despite the rain.

- They are playing despite the fact that it is raining.

- She came to school today in spite of the doctor's warnings.

6. During

During relates an activity to a specific period of time. The activity may be constant or intermittenent.

- My cousin lived in St.Louis during the most of her childhood

- We ate hot dogs and drink soda during the football game.

7. Inside

Inside means that something is contained by a limit or boundary.

- The paper is inside the drawer.

- You will find your gift inside thet box.

8. Like,unlike

Like means "similar to". Unlike means "different from".

- His mind is like an adding machine.

- The film is unlike the book.

Just like means "exactly the same as".

- You look just like your brother.

9. Near

Near means "not far away from".

- The bank is near the post office.

- Her car is parked near the school.

10. Off

Off shows that something is removed from contact or connection with a place it occupied before.

- He took the book off the shelf.

- I lost a button off my coat.

11. Opposite

Opposite means "directly across from".

- The site opposite me in the cafetaria every day.

- There is a new building opposite our house.

12. Until

Until indicates the continuation of an action or a step up to a specified point.

- I will wait for you until five o'clock.

- He lived there until his marriage.

13. Upon

Upon means "on top of" or "as a result of".

- They placed a crown upon Caesar's head.

- Upon hearing that he was in town, I telephoned him.

Upon is also used with depend and verbs of similar meaning ( rely, count ).

- You can depand upon my promises

- He caannot be relied upon.

On may replaced upon in all of these.

- On is somewhat less than upon.

14. Within

Within indicates that something is inside described limits.

- The mail will arrive within an hour.

- That decision is not within my area of authority; it is beyond my jurisdiction.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

A preposition is classified as a part of speech in grammer. It denotes the relationship to some other words in a sentence with are placed before a noun or a pronoun.

Prepositions are always followed by nouns (or pronouns). They are connective words that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentence element: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the sentence. Prepositional phrase usually provide information asked for by the question words who, what, where, when, why, how, and how long

REFERENCE

Ahmad, Izzam, Try May Hadi. 2007. Basic English Grammer. Jakarta :

Azar, Betty Achrampfer. 2000. Understanding and Using Grammer. Jakarta : Bina Rupa Aksara

Macmillan, Collier. 1972. English 900. London : English Language Services, Inc

Swijin, Drs. 2007. Perfect English Grammer. Bandung : CV Yrama Widya

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Identify the sense of Preposition, the types of preposition, ways to use

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