Mini Research : A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND NIAS LANGUAGE IN NOUN-SUFFIXES

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND NIAS LANGUAGE IN NOUN-SUFFIXES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

PREFACE

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

1.      Background of the Research

2.      Objective of the Research

3.      Identification of Research Problem

4.      Limitation of Research Problem

5.      Significant of Research

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1. Morphology

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.      Research Design

2.      Instrument

3.      Subject of Research

4.      Object of Research

5.      Technique of Collecting Data

6.      Technique of Analysing Data

CHAPTER IV : CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND NIAS LANGUAGE IN NOUN SUFFIXES

1.      Suffixes of Nias language

2.      Suffixes in English

3.      The suffixes which form nouns

4.      Suffixes which has the function to form plural noun.

5.      Example of Noun suffixes in Nias Language.

6.      Example of Noun suffixes in English.

7.      The Noun Suffixes in both language which are changed the form if they are attached to the base form.

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

 

 

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.        Background of The Research

            Language is an indicator of human civilization and most fundamental of human communication. Language is very important for human life, because it a means of communication. We use language not only for daily necessities but also because of its great concern with others fields of Science. Language has so many interrelationship with various aspects of human life that it can be studied from numerous point of view. (Gleason, 1974 : 2). It plays also as primary object of the study of linguistics and linguist approach the notion of language from differing point of view. Linguistics is concerned with the nature of language and communication. It includes phonetics (the study of the production, acoustics and hearing of speech sounds), phonology (the patterning of sounds), morphology (the structure of words), syntax (the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), pragmatics (language in context), In this research, the researcher focuses on the morphology.

Morphology is the study of the minimal meaningful units of language. It studies the structure of words. There are aspects of morphology such as morpheme (root, boun and free morpheme), affixes (prefix,infix,suffix). With a beyond of full consideration, the researcher wants to research a constructive analysis between english-nias langauge only focus on affixiation. Affixation is a major morphological device. The affix added at the beginning of the root is known as prefix while that at the end of a word is suffix. Prefixes and suffixes added to words change the meanings of such words. In this research the resercher is interested to examine a constructive analysis between english-nias language focussesd on suffix. Suffixes are important in determining the meanings of words in English. They are either inflections added at the end of a word or they change the grammatical class of words they are attached to. Subsequently, the researcher wants to find a constructive analysis between english-nias language in the part of speech concerned to noun. In this, the researcher want to examine the prefixes in noun words. The researcher’s resesearch is a constructive analysis between english-nias language in morphology based on noun suffixes.

 

B.        Objective of the Research

            By willingness of the researcher is genuinely to find the differences and similarities of a constructive analysis in suffixes between english-nias language. The researcher tries to find out the result of noun suffixes in differences and similarities.

C.        Identification of Research Problem

            In this research, the researcher examines that there are many of differences and similarities of suffix usage in english-nias language. Through this research will expose the differences/similarities of it. The best tesult will be explored to anyone especially for whom using an english-nias language in the world. So they can combine the use of language in doing communication correctly.

D.        Limitation of Research Problem

            This research giving some any limitation is focused on the noun suffixes. The researcher does not include all the kinds of part of speech totally. The researcher choses only noun suffix.

E.         Significant of Research

            After a fix of consideration, the researcher does this research is want to give a way to people for how to use suffixes in english-nias language based on noun suffix. The researcher wants to give any expectations to the people to help them speak the language easier in suffix usage. And they are easier to differentiate and similaritate it in using the languages.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A.        Morphology

            Morphology is a branch of linguistics which studies and analysis the structure, form and classes of words. Morphology is also the study for how the forms are arranged to constitute words. How the words constructed is all the morphological. Rochelle Lieber, 2009 said that “ Morphology is the study of word formation, including the ways new words are coined in the languages of the world, and the way forms of words are varied depending on how they’re used in sentences. As a native speaker of your language you have intuitive knowledge of how to form new words, and every day you recognize and understand new words that you’ve never heard before”.Another linguist’s ideas on morphology may be compared as follows:“ Morphological theory provides a general theory of word-structure in all the languages of the world. Its task is to characterise the kinds of things that speakers need to know about the structure of the words of their language in order to be able to use them to produce and to understand speech”. (Francis 2005 : 3).The above defenitions explain that morphology is having a function in study of word constructing process and word form or word forming. This branch of morphology are related to affixation.

Affixation is the morphological process in by which bound morphemes are attached to a roots or stems to mark changes in meaning, part of speech, or grammatical relationships.  Affixes take on several forms and serve different functions. According to McCarthy (2006:84), Affixation is the process where by an affix is attached to a base, which may be simple (as in full, the base to which –ness is attached to yield fullness), or complex (like meditate, the base to which pre- is attached to yield premeditate). In affixation there are two parts, namely prefix and suffix.

According to this research the researcher focuses to Suffix. Suffix is a words or group of words placed at the end of a word or root (the simplest form (base form) of a word - cannot be broken down again) to produce a new word.According to Mc.Chartyet.al (1987: 56) the suffix is come at the end of words. In accordance with this research, the researcher wants to examines and identify the suffixess related to noun words refering to cantrastive analysis between english-nias language related to noun suffix.

 

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A.        Research Design

            There are some kinds in doing research design, they are qualitative and quantitative. In this research, the researcher takes qualitative as reference of doing research. Shank (2002) defines qualitative research as “a form of systematic empirical inquiry into meaning” (p. 5).  By systematic he means “planned, ordered and public”, following rules agreed upon by members of the qualitative research community. By empirical, he means that this type of inquiry is grounded in the world of experience. In this research, the researcher is going to examine the contrasts and similarities of empirical words in english and nias language related to noun suffixes.

B.        Instrument

            Through variety of looking for the tesult in the research, the resarcher is looking for many sources to expose the level of correctness in contrasts and similarities in english-nias language focused on noun suffixes. The researcher has been encountered with some journals, book of english and nias language, and previous research which had ever been done by previous researchers related to the case. It is really supporting the researcher to complete the linguistic’s case what the researcher is going to solve.

C.        Subject of Research

            The subject of this research is english and nias language.

D.        Object of Research

            The object of this research is the differences and similarities of the use of english-nias language in noun suffixes.

E.         Technique of Collecting Data

            In the research, the researcher has been faced with some of technique of collecting data. There are some of techniques such as paraphrase, sumarizing, analyzing, and quotating technique. On this, the researcher is using the sumarizing and analyzing technique to complete the research. The researcher is sumarizing what the mainstreams which is related to solve the case taken from the sources (instrument) and as well as using an analyzing to complete the research result.

F.         Technique of Analyzing Data

            In this research, the researcher firstly takes some of english-nias language words. Subsequently, the researcher devided the words according to noun words suffixes. The researcher find out the contrasts and similarities between anglish-nias noun words in the use of suffixes converned to FORM, DISTRIBUTION, FUNCTION, AND MEANING.

 

CHAPTER IV

CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND NIAS LANGUAGE IN NOUN SUFFIXES

A.        Suffixes of Nias language

Based on Nursayani (2012), there are 15 suffixes that we can find in Nias language which are known, they are :

Suffix –ö	Suffix –ma	Suffix –la
Suffix –gö	Suffix –i	Suffix –ta
Suffix –fö	Suffix –sö	Suffix –sa
Suffix –ni	Suffix –wa	Suffix –tö
Suffix –si	Suffix –nia	Suffix –a

 

B.        Suffixes in English

In English we can find 28 suffixes which are known, they are :

suffix –able	suffixes –ent and –ant	suffix –al
suffix –cian	suffix –age	suffix –less
suffix –ly	suffix –ous	suffix –ance and –ence
suffixes –singular s	suffixes –ing, -ed1, -ed2	suffix –ee
suffix –n	suffixes –er and –est	suffix –ity
suffix –ful	suffix –ize	suffix –y
suffix –ment	suffix –ify	suffix –ness
suffixes –plural s	suffix –ion	suffix –ish
suffix –ism	suffix –en	suffix –ic
suffix –er

 

C.        The suffixes which form nouns

Nias Language	English
Suffix –a	Suffix –age
Suffix –sa	Suffix –ness
Suffix –la	Suffix –ment
Suffix –wa	Suffix –ant and –ent
Suffix –ta	Suffix –ity
Suffix –sö	Suffix –al
Suffix –ma	Suffix –ion
	Suffix –ence and –ance
	Suffix –ee

                                                 

D.        Suffixes which has the function to form plural noun.

Nias Language                                                English

-                                                           Suffix –plural s

E.         Example of Noun suffixes in Nias Language.

1.      Suffix –sa

Form	Suffix –sa does not change the form if it is attached to the base form.   e.g.  fayawa ‘boastful’  +  -sa  ---------------- fayawasa ‘boasting’
Distribution	Suffix –sa can be attached to verb.                                                         e.g.  fabali  ‘separated’  +  -sa  ---------------- fabalisa   ‘discord’
Function	Suffix –sa function to form noun.
Meaning	Suffix –sa has a meaning to state the case as mentioned in the base form. e.g.  fabalö  ‘wistful’  +  -sa  ---------------- fabalösa  ‘the case of compassionate’

 

2.      Suffix –a

Form	Suffix –a remains unchanged if it attached to the base form. e.g.  owulo  ‘to gether’  +  -a ---------------- owuloa   ‘association’
Distribution	Suffix –a can be attached to a verb. e.g.  tanö ‘to plant’ + -a ---------------- tanöa  ‘be planted’
Function	Suffix –a functions to form a noun.
Meaning	Suffix –a has the meanings as follows: 1. If the base form is a verb, the suffix –a has a meaning to state noun to the base form. e.g owulo ‘together’ + -a ---------------- owuloa  ‘association’ 2. If the base form is an adverb, the suffix –a has the meaning of to suffer, to place as mentioned in the base form. e.g.   tanö ‘to plant’ + -a ---------------- tanöa  ‘be planted’

 

3.      Suffix –la 

Form	Suffix –la does not change the form if it attaches to the base form. e.g.  aboto ‘broken’ + -la ---- abotola ‘piece’
Distribution	: Suffix –la can only be attached to an adverb. e.g. aetu ‘severed’ + -la ---- aetula ‘decision’
Function	Suffix –la function to form noun.
Meaning	Suffix –la has a meaning to state a result as mentioned to the base form. e.g.  aetu  ‘severed’  +  -la  ---------------- aetula   ‘result of a decision’

 

4.      Suffix –ŵa

Form	Suffix –ŵa does not change the form if it is attached to the base form. e.g. olombase ‘stop’ + -ŵa ---- olombaseŵa ‘stoping place’
Distribution	Suffix –ŵa can be attached to a verb. e.g. fabali ‘to part / separated’ + -ŵa ---- fabaliŵa ‘deviation / crosroad’
Function	Suffix –wa function to form noun.
Meaning	If the base form is a verb, the suffix –ŵa has the meanings to state the place as mentioned in the base form. e.g.  olombase ‘stop’ + -ŵa ---- olombaseŵa ‘stoping place’

 

5.      Suffix –ta

Form	Suffix –ta does not change the form, if it is attached to the base form. e.g.  alö ‘less’ + ta ---- alöta ‘limit / to reduce’
Distribution	Suffix –ta can be attached to : 1. Verb : e.g. ogamö  ‘reach out’ + ta ---- ogamöta ‘to reach out’ 2. Adverb : e.g. afuria ‘back’ + ta ---- afuriata ‘later / eventually’
Function	Suffix –ta function to form noun.
Meaning	Suffix –ta has the meaning as follow : 1. If the base form is a verb, the suffix –ta has meaning of to state a place mentioned in the base form. e.g. fagohi ‘flee’ + ta ---- fagohita ‘race track’ 2. If the base form is an adverb, the suffix –ta has the meaning of to state the case as mentioned in the base form. e.g. afuria ‘back’ + ta ---- afuriata ‘later / eventually’

 

6.      Suffix –sö

Form	Suffix –sö does not change the form if it is attached to the base form. e.g. tawö ‘grease’ + -sö ---- tawösö  ‘a lot of  grease’
Distribution	Suffix –sö can be attached to : 1. Verb : e.g. bogö ‘burn’ + -sö ---- bögösö ‘can be burned’                    2. Noun : e.g. töwu ‘sugar cane’ + -sö ---- towusö ‘a lot of sugar cane’
Function	Suffix  function to form noun.
Meaning	Suffix –sö has the meaning as follows : 1. If the base form is a verb, the suffix –sö has the meaning of already been done as mentioned in the base form.  e.g.  ewa 'cut’ + -sö ---- ewasö ‘has been cut’            2. If the base form is a noun, the suffix –sö has the meaning of a lot of. e.g. mömö ‘moss’ + -sö ---- mömösö ‘a lot of moss’

 

7.      Suffix –ma 

Form	If the siffix –ma is attached to the base form, if it remains unchanged. e.g. förö ‘sleep’ +  -ma  ----- föröma ‘bed’
Distribution	Suffix –ma can only be attached to a verb. e.g. dadao ‘sit’ +  -ma  ----- dadaoma ‘seat’
Function	Suffix  function to form noun.
Meaning	Suffix –ma has the meaning of to state place or doing something as mentioned in the base form. e.g.  dadao ‘sit’ +  -ma  ----- dadaoma ‘seat

 

F.         Example of Noun suffixes in English.

1.      Suffix –age

Form	Suffix –age does not change the form if it is attached to the base form. e.g.  carry  + -age ---------------- carriage
Distribution	Suffix –age can be attached to a verb. e.g.  break  + -age ---------------- breakage
Function	The suffix –age function to form a noun.
Meaning	If the base form is a verb, the suffix –age has a meaning to state the case as mentioned in the base form.  e.g. store  + -age ---------------- storage

 

2.      Suffix –ment

Form	Suffix –ment does not change the form if it is attached to the base form. e.g. to employ + -ment   -----   employment
Distribution	Suffix –ment can only be attached to a verb. e.g. to agree + -ment   -----   agreement
Function	Suffix –ment functions to form a noun.
Meaning	Suffix –ment has a meaning to make it to be as mentioned in the base form. e.g. to pay  + -ment   -----   payment

 

3.      Suffixes –ant and –ent  

Form	Suffixes –ant and –ent do not change the form if it is attached to the base form. e.g.  please  +  -ant  ----- pleasant
Distribution	Suffixes –ant and –ent can be attached to a verb. e.g. differ  +  -ent ----- different
Function	Suffixes –ant and –ent functions to form a noun and an adverb.
Meaning	The suffixes –ant and –ent have a meaning such as:  1. To state the situation as mentioned in the base form. e.g. please  +  -ant  ----- pleasant 2. To state the person wich to do the action as mentioned in the base form. e.g. assist  +  -ant  ----- assistant

 

4.      Suffix –ion

Form	Suffix –ion does not change the form if it is attached to the base form. e.g. act  +  -ion  ----- action
Distribution	Suffix –ion can be attached to a verb. e.g. confuse +  -ion  ----- confusion
Function	Suffix –ion functions to form a noun.
Meaning	Suffix –ion has a meaning to express or to make something as mentioned in the base form. e.g. react  +  -ion  ----- reaction

 

5.      Suffix –al 

Form	Suffix –al does not change the form if it is attached to the base form. e.g. monument +  -al  ----- monumental
Distribution	Suffix –al can be attached to : 1. Verb : e.g.  propose + -al ---- proposal 2. Noun : e.g.  industry + -al ---- industrial
Function	1.  If the base form is a noun, the suffix –al functions to form an adjective. e.g. logic + -al ---- logical 2. If the base form is a verb, the suffix –al functions to form a noun. e.g. renew + -al ---- renewal
Meaning	Suffix –al changes the form an adjective and to the same time expressing the meaning in the base form. e.g. intern + -al ---- internal

 

6.      Suffixes –ance and –ence

Form	Suffixes –ance and –ence do not change the form if it is attached to the base form. e.g.  confide + -ence ---- confidence
Distribution	Suffixes –ance and –ence can be attached to a verb.                                     e.g. depend + -ence ---- dependence
Function	If the base form are verb and adjective, the suffixes –ance and –ence function to form nouns. e.g. exist + -ence ---- existence
Meaning	Suffixes –ance and –ence has the meaning to express the situation as mentioned in the base form.  e.g. interfere + -ence ---- interference

 

7.      Suffix –ness

Form	Suffix –ness does not change the form if it is attached to the base form. e.g. loud + -ness ---- loudness
Distribution	Suffix –ness can be attached to an adjective.                                                 e.g. rich + -ness ---- richness
Function	If the base form is an adjective, the suffix –ness function to form a noun. e.g. clever + -ness ---- cleverness
Meaning	Suffix –ness has a meaning to make it as mentioned to the base form. e.g. correct + -ness ---- correctness

 

8.      Suffix –ee

Form	Suffix –ee does not change the form if it is attached to the base form. e.g. assign + -ee ---- assignee
Distribution	Suffix –ee can be attached to a verb. e.g. employ + -ee ---- employee
Function	If the base form is verb, the suffix –ee functions to change word to become noun.              e.g. trust + -ee ---- trustee
Meaning	If the base form is a verb, the suffix –ee has a meaning to do the action as mentioned the base form. e.g. refer + -ee ---- referee

 

9.      Suffix –ity

Form	Suffix –ity does not change the form if it is attached to the base form.  e.g.  active  + -ity ---------------- activity
Distribution	Suffix –ity can be attached to an adjective.                                       e.g.  real   + -ity ---------------- reality
Function	Suffix –ity has the function to form a noun.
Meaning	Suffix –ity has the meaning to state the case situation as mentioned in the base form.       e.g.  visible  + -ity ---------------- visibility

 

10.  Suffixes –plural s

Form	The suffixes –plural /s/ has three free variants, they are : /-iz/, /-s/, /-z/. e.g.             book +  -s  ----- books /b u: k s/                                                           bag +  -s  ----- bags  /b ᴂ g z/                                                              church +  -s  ----- churches /£ ə : £ i s/
Distribution	Suffixes –plural /s/ can only be attached to a noun.                           e.g.      book +  -s  ----- books                                                                         bird +  -s  ----- birds
Function	Suffixes –plural /s/  functions to form plural noun.                            e.g.      doctor +  -s  ----- doctors
Meaning	Suffixes –plural /s/ has a meaning of more than one.                         e.g.  table +  -s  ----- tables

 

G. The Noun Suffixes in both language which are changed the form if they are attached to the base form.

1.      Nias Language

 In Nias Language we can not find the suffix where the form changed when attached to the base form.

2.      The suffixes in English which change the form.

Suffixes –plural / s /

Suffixes –plural / s / becomes / z / when followed by voiced phonemes which have no / s /.             e.g.     leg  + -s   -----   legs / legz /                                                                                                            bag  + -s   -----   bags / b gz /

Suffixes –plural / s / becomes / s / when followed by voiceless phonemes which have no / s /          e.g.      book  + -s   -----   books / buks /                                                                                         cat  + -s   -----   cats / k ts /

Suffixes –plural / s / becomes / s / when followed by phonemeswith a s .                                         e.g.      class  + -s   -----   classes / kla:siz /                                                                                                 rose  + -s   -----   roses / rousiz /

 

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS

A.        Conclusions

            Based on analysis between Nias language and English in noun suffixes, the researcher tries to write the conclusion.

Nias language is one of the regional language in Indonesia which may be considered as some what vocalic. The vocalic regional languages in rarely found in Indonesia.

The noun suffixes which are found in Nias language and English are :

Nias Language	English
Suffix –a	Suffix –age
Suffix –sa	Suffix –ness
Suffix –la	Suffix –ment
Suffix –wa	Suffix –ant and –ent
Suffix –ta	Suffix –ity
Suffix –sö	Suffix –al
Suffix –ma	Suffix –ion
	Suffix –ence and –ance
	Suffix –ee

 

The Noun Suffixes in both language which are changed the form if they are attached to the base form.

1.      Nias Language

 In Nias Language we can not find the suffix where the form changed when attached to the base form.

2.      The suffixes in English which change the form is Suffixes –plural / s /

 

 

REFERENCES

Sonia Ospina, Robert F.Wagner.(2003) Graduate School of Public Service New York University

Jong-Bok Kim and Peter Sells.(2008). English Syntax: An Introduction

Maru’ao, Nursayani. (2012). A Contrastive Analysis Between English And Nias  Languages Suffixes. IKIP : Gunung Sitoli.

Katamba, Francis. (2005). English Words. 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Kracht, Marcus. (2009). Introduction to Linguistics. Department of Linguistics, UCLA 3125 Campbell Hall 450 Hilgard Avenue. Los Angeles.

Lieber, Rochelle. (2009). Introducing Morphology. United States of America. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Gulö, Ingatan. (2016). NIAS AND ENGLISH PERSONAL PRONOUNS: A Morphosyntactic Study. Universitas Padjajaran

BNKP. (2014). Buku Zinuno. Nias : LPLG BNKP.

Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia. (2005). SOERA NI’AMONIO. Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia. Jakarta : Jln. Salemba Raya.